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hindu editorial ......

Today Editorial......

The massive pollution cloud enveloping northern India every year is a good example of the disconnect between official policy and ground realities. It has been known for long that burning of agricultural waste in the northern States significantly contributes to the poor air quality in large parts of the Indo-Gangetic Basin, with local and cascading(प्रपात की तरह गिरता हुआ) impacts felt from Punjab all the way to West Bengal. Harmful fine particulate matter measuring 2.5 mm in diameter (PM2.5) is among the pollutants released. Punjab responded to the issue with a prohibition(रोक) on the burning of paddy straw(भूसा), and the launch of initiatives aimed at better utilisation of biomass, including as a fuel to produce power. Yet, there is no mission mode approach to the annual crisis. The efforts do not match the scale of agricultural residues(अवशेष) produced, for one, and fail to address farmers’ anxiety(चिंता) to remove the surplus from the fields quickly to make way for the next crop. The national production of crop waste is of the order of 500 million tonnes a year, with Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and West Bengal topping the list. Again, 80 per cent of straw from paddy is burnt in some States, impacting air quality and depriving croplands of nutrients.

It is an irony that the national capital and several other cities suffer crippling(गंभीर) pollution in the post-monsoon and winter months partly due to biomass burning, when demand for fodder is rising and the surplus material could be used productively. Pilot projects to produce power using biomass demonstrated in Rajasthan, and mechanised composting and biogas production units of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute could be scaled up, and farmers given liberal support to deploy such solutions. Given the twin benefits of pollution abatement(कमी) and better productivity, conservation agriculture needs to be popularised. This would encourage farmers to use newer low-till seeding technologies that allow much of the crop residues to remain on site, and curb the release of a variety of pollutants. Burning residues add greenhouse gases that cause global warming, besides pollutants such as carbon monoxide, ammonia, nitrous oxide and sulphur dioxide that severely affect human health. Sustained(निरंतर) work is called for, given that higher agricultural productivity to meet food needs is inevitable(अनिवार्य), with a cascading increase in biomass volumes. The challenge is to identify measures to utilise it. By one estimate, if India can reach its own air quality standards for fine particulate matter from all sources, annual premature(समय से पूर्व होनेवाला) deaths can be cut by almost 10 per cent. A programme to cut pollution from waste-burning would be a good start.

1)Cascading meaning is fall in a rush, descend, gush.

2)Prohibition meaning is ban, forbidden, constraint, prevention.

3)Straw meaning is hay, fodder.

4)Anxiety meaning is angst, worry, tension, apprehension.

5)Residues meaning is leftover part, debris, slag.

6)Crippling meaning is disable, make lame, debilitate.

7)Abatement meaning is decline, decrease, lessening.

8)Sustained meaning is maintained, constant, continued.

9)Inevitable meaning is cannot be avoided, certain, impending,imminent.

10)Premature meaning is earlier in occurrence than anticipated, immature.

Characteristics of Virtualization in Cloud Computing

Virtualization has three characteristics that make it ideal for cloud computing:

• Partitioning: In virtualization, many applications and operating systems (OSes) are supported in a single physical system by partitioning (separating) the available resources.
• Isolation: Each virtual machine is isolated from its host physical system and other virtualized machines. Because of this isolation, if one virtual-instance crashes, it doesn’t affect the other virtual machines. In addition, data isn’t shared between one virtual container and another.
• Encapsulation: A virtual machine can be represented (and even stored) as a single file, so you can identify it easily based on the service it provides. In essence, the encapsulated process could be a business service. This encapsulated virtual machine can be presented to an application as a complete entity. Therefore, encapsulation can protect each application so that it doesn’t interfere with another application.

BLUETOOTH IN ANDROID

1. package com.example.bluetooth;  
2. import android.os.Bundle;  
3. import android.app.Activity;  
4. import android.view.Menu;  
5. import android.app.Activity;  
6. import android.bluetooth.BluetoothAdapter;  
7. import android.content.Context;  
8. import android.content.Intent;  
9. import android.os.Bundle;  
10. import android.util.Log;  
11. import android.view.View;  
12. import android.widget.Button;  
13. import android.widget.TextView;  
14. import android.widget.Toast;  
15.   
16. public class MainActivity extends Activity {  
17.       private static final int REQUEST_ENABLE_BT = 0;  
18.       private static final int REQUEST_DISCOVERABLE_BT = 0;  
19.     @Override  
20.     protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {  
21.         super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);  
22.         setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);  
23.     final TextView out=(TextView)findViewById(R.id.out);  
24.     final Button button1 = (Button) findViewById(R.id.button1);  
25.     final Button button2 = (Button) findViewById(R.id.button2);  
26.     final Button button3 = (Button) findViewById(R.id.button3);  
27.     final BluetoothAdapter mBluetoothAdapter = BluetoothAdapter.getDefaultAdapter();  
28.     if (mBluetoothAdapter == null) {  
29.        out.append("device not supported");  
30.     }  
31.     button1.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {  
32.         public void onClick(View v) {  
33.             if (!mBluetoothAdapter.isEnabled()) {  
34.                 Intent enableBtIntent = new Intent(BluetoothAdapter.ACTION_REQUEST_ENABLE);  
35.                 startActivityForResult(enableBtIntent, REQUEST_ENABLE_BT);  
36.             }  
37.         }  
38.     });  
39.     button2.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {  
40.      @Override  
41.         public void onClick(View arg0) {  
42.             if (!mBluetoothAdapter.isDiscovering()) {  
43.                   //out.append("MAKING YOUR DEVICE DISCOVERABLE");  
44.                    Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "MAKING YOUR DEVICE DISCOVERABLE",  
45.              Toast.LENGTH_LONG);  
46.   
47.                 Intent enableBtIntent = new Intent(BluetoothAdapter.ACTION_REQUEST_DISCOVERABLE);  
48.                 startActivityForResult(enableBtIntent, REQUEST_DISCOVERABLE_BT);  
49.                     
50.             }  
51.         }  
52.     });  
53.     button3.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {  
54.         @Override  
55.         public void onClick(View arg0) {     
56.             mBluetoothAdapter.disable();  
57.             //out.append("TURN_OFF BLUETOOTH");  
58.             Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "TURNING_OFF BLUETOOTH", Toast.LENGTH_LONG);  
59.            
60.             }  
61.     });  
62. }  
63.   
64.     @Override  
65.     public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {  
66.         // Inflate the menu; this adds items to the action bar if it is present.  
67.         getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.activity_main, menu);  
68.         return true;  
69.     }  
70.   
71. } 

How to Submit an App to the Android Market

http://www.wikihow.com/Submit-an-App-to-the-Android-Market

ANDROID GUI ARCHITECTURE

Android GUI Architecture

The Android environment adds yet another Graphical User Interface (GUI) toolkit to the Java ecosphere, joining AWT, Swing, SWT, and J2ME (leaving aside the web UI toolkits). If you’ve worked with any of these, the Android framework will look familiar. Like them, it is single-threaded, event-driven, and built on a library of nestable components.
The Android UI framework is, like the other UI frameworks, organized around the common Model-View-Controller pattern illustrated in Figure. It provides structure and tools for building a Controller that handles user input (like key presses and screen taps) and a View that renders graphical information to the screen.


The Model
The Model is the guts of your application: what it actually does. It might be, for instance, the database of tunes on your device and the code for playing them. It might be your list of contacts and the code that places phone calls or sends IMs to them.

While a particular application’s View and Controller will necessarily reflect the Model they manipulate, a single Model might be used by several different applications. Think, for instance, of an MP3 player and an application that converts MP3 files into WAV files. For both applications, the Model includes the MP3 file format and codecs for it. The former application, however, has the familiar Stop, Start, and Pause controls, and plays the track. The latter may not produce any sound at all; instead, it will have controls for setting bitrate, etc. The Model is all about the data.

The View

The View is the application’s feedback to the user. It is the portion of the application responsible for rendering the display, sending audio to speakers, generating tactile feedback, and so on. The graphical portion of the Android UI framework’s View, is implemented as a tree of subclasses of the View class. Graphically, each of these objects represents a rectangular area on the screen that is completely within the rectangular area represented by its parent in the tree. The root of this tree is the application window.

The Controller

The Controller is the portion of an application that responds to external actions: a keystroke, a screen tap, an incoming call, etc. It is implemented as an event queue. Each external action is represented as a unique event in the queue. The framework removes each event from the queue in order and dispatches it.

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